The Address by Marga Minco – Summary, Word Meanings, and Q&A for Class 11 English Snapshots

Class 11 English • NCERT Snapshots • Chapter 2

The Address

By Marga Minco — Complete Study Guide, Summary, Word Meanings, Character Sketches, Themes, Textbook Answers and MCQs

About this guide: This study guide explains the story in simple English. It includes the plot, important details, difficult words, textbook questions, exam-style questions, Hindi and Urdu summaries, and a practice quiz. The answers are written in a clear style for Class 11 students.

AuthorMarga Minco

TextbookNCERT Snapshots

SettingHolland during and after World War II

Key address46, Marconi Street

Main charactersThe narrator, her mother, Mrs Dorling and Mrs Dorling’s daughter

Main concernWar, loss, memory and letting go

Table of Contents

1. About the Author
2. Historical Background
3. Summary of the Story
4. The Story in Sequence
5. Character Sketches
6. Themes and Title
7. Word Meanings
8. NCERT Textbook Questions and Answers
9. Important Exam Questions
10. Summary in Hindi
11. Summary in Urdu
12. Practice MCQ Quiz

1. About the Author

Marga Minco (1920–2023) was a Dutch writer. She was born in the Netherlands and experienced the persecution of Jewish people during the Second World War. Much of her family was killed during the Holocaust. Her writing often deals with war, loss, memory and the lives of people affected by persecution.

The Address is a short story about a young woman who returns after the war to find the household objects that her mother had entrusted to another woman. The story shows that the return of material possessions cannot restore a lost family or an earlier life.

2. Historical Background

The story is set in Holland during and after the Second World War (1939–1945). During the German occupation, Jewish families faced persecution, fear and the danger of being forced from their homes. Many people hid, fled or lost their lives. Families sometimes placed their belongings with other people in the hope of keeping them safe.

The story does not give the narrator’s name. She is identified as Mrs S’s daughter. Her mother gives Mrs Dorling’s address to her during the war so that she will know where the family’s possessions have been taken.

Remember: Mrs Dorling takes the belongings away during the first half of the war. The story does not say that the mother handed them over before the war.

3. Summary of The Address

The story is about a young woman who returns to a place connected with her past after the Second World War. During the war, Mrs Dorling, an old acquaintance of the narrator’s mother, began visiting their home. Each time she visited, she took some household objects away. She said that she wanted to keep them safe because the family might have to leave their home.

The narrator’s mother trusted Mrs Dorling. She did not think it was necessary to ask for a promise or a receipt. Mrs Dorling took valuable things such as silver cutlery, antique plates, vases and other household objects. The narrator was not fully convinced by this arrangement. Her mother gave her Mrs Dorling’s address: 46, Marconi Street.

After the Liberation, the narrator did not immediately try to recover the belongings. She had lost her mother and was not ready to face objects that belonged to a life that no longer existed. Later, she decided to visit the address. When Mrs Dorling opened the door, she pretended not to know the narrator and refused to speak to her. The narrator recognised her mother’s green knitted cardigan, which Mrs Dorling was wearing. This confirmed that she had reached the right house.

The narrator returned another day. Mrs Dorling was away, and her daughter opened the door. She did not know who the visitor was and allowed her inside. The narrator entered the living room and saw many familiar objects from her former home. However, they looked strange in the new surroundings. The room and the way the objects were arranged made her feel like a stranger.

When Mrs Dorling’s daughter opened a drawer and the spoons and forks made a familiar sound, the narrator felt deeply disturbed. She realised that these objects could not bring back her mother or her old home. They had lost their meaning because they were separated from the people and the life to which they belonged. She left without taking anything and decided to forget the address. For her, forgetting the address was the easiest way to leave that painful part of her past behind.

4. The Story in Sequence

1. Mrs Dorling’s visits: During the first half of the war, Mrs Dorling, an old acquaintance of the narrator’s mother, begins taking household belongings to her own house.
2. The address is given: The narrator’s mother tells her that Mrs Dorling lives at 46, Marconi Street and asks her to remember it.
3. After the Liberation: The narrator initially has no wish to see the stored belongings. Her mother is no longer alive.
4. The first visit: Mrs Dorling opens the door only a little and denies knowing the narrator. The narrator recognises her mother’s green knitted cardigan.
5. The second visit: Mrs Dorling is not at home. Her daughter opens the door and lets the narrator enter.
6. The living room: The narrator sees her family’s belongings but feels uncomfortable because they look strange in their new setting.
7. The final decision: The narrator leaves without reclaiming anything and decides to forget the address.

5. Character Sketches

The Narrator

The narrator is Mrs S’s daughter. She has survived the war but has lost her mother and her earlier family life. She is observant and remembers the belongings that once filled her home. At first, she wants to see or recover them. However, when she finds them in Mrs Dorling’s house, they do not give her comfort. She understands that material objects cannot restore the past. Her decision to forget the address shows her desire to move forward.

Mrs Dorling

Mrs Dorling is an old acquaintance of the narrator’s mother. During the war, she repeatedly takes household objects from the family, saying that she wants to save them. After the war, she refuses to recognise the narrator and does not allow her to enter. Her behaviour creates the impression that she is unwilling to return the belongings or face the narrator. The story leaves her full motives unstated, so readers should avoid treating every suspicion about her as a proven fact.

The Narrator’s Mother

The narrator’s mother trusts Mrs Dorling and believes that she is taking the family’s belongings away for safekeeping. She sees Mrs Dorling’s repeated visits as a sign of help and does not think that a formal agreement is needed. Her trust contrasts with the narrator’s doubts.

Mrs Dorling’s Daughter

Mrs Dorling’s daughter is unaware of the narrator’s identity and family history. She welcomes the visitor into the house and shows her the living room. Her ordinary, friendly behaviour contrasts with Mrs Dorling’s earlier refusal to open the door.

6. Themes and Significance of the Title

War and Human Loss

The story shows that war causes more than physical destruction. It separates families, destroys homes and leaves survivors with painful memories. Even after the war ends, the emotional effects remain.

Memory and the Past

The household objects remind the narrator of her mother and her former home. Yet seeing them in a different place does not bring back the happiness associated with them. The memories are painful rather than comforting.

Material Possessions and Emotional Value

The objects have material value, but their deeper value comes from the people and experiences connected with them. Once separated from their original setting, they no longer give the narrator a sense of belonging.

Trust and Betrayal

The mother trusts Mrs Dorling to protect the family’s belongings. Mrs Dorling’s refusal to recognise the narrator raises questions about her honesty and intentions. The story suggests a possible betrayal but does not provide a full account of Mrs Dorling’s thoughts.

Why is the story titled The Address?

The address, 46, Marconi Street, is the link between the narrator and the family belongings. At first, it represents hope that she may find her mother’s possessions. By the end, it becomes a reminder of loss and pain. When she decides to forget the address, she is also choosing to stop living in the past.

7. Word Meanings from the Story

These words and phrases are useful for understanding the chapter. Meanings are given in simple English.

Word / Phrase	Meaning	Simple usage or explanation
Chink	A small opening	The door was opened only a little.
Fleetingly	For a very short time	The narrator had seen Mrs Dorling only briefly.
Recognition	Knowing someone or identifying them	Mrs Dorling showed no sign of recognition.
Musty	Having an old, damp or stale smell	A musty smell came from the house.
Jamb	The side post of a door or window	The house number was fixed on the door jamb.
Beckoned	Made a gesture to call someone	The mother beckoned to her daughter.
Shapeless	Having no clear or definite shape	Mrs Dorling wore a shapeless hat.
Crick	A sudden painful stiffness in a muscle	The mother joked that Mrs Dorling might get a crick in her back.
Reprovingly	In a way that shows disapproval	The mother looked at her daughter reprovingly.
Liberation	Freedom from control or occupation	The narrator refers to the period after the Liberation.
Antique	Old and often valuable	The family had antique plates.
Woollen	Made of wool	The woollen tablecloth belonged to the family.
Cardigan	A knitted jacket that opens at the front	Mrs Dorling was wearing the mother’s green cardigan.
Confronted	Forced to face something difficult	The narrator feared being confronted with painful memories.
Precious	Very dear or important	The narrator remembers a precious time.
Possessions	Things owned by someone	The narrator’s mother’s possessions were kept at Mrs Dorling’s house.

8. NCERT Textbook Questions and Answers

Q1. ‘Have you come back?’ said the woman. ‘I thought that no one had come back.’ Does this statement give some clue about the story? If yes, what is it?

Answer: Yes. The statement suggests that the story is set after a war in which people had been forced to leave their homes and many had not returned. Mrs Dorling seems surprised and possibly worried to see the narrator. Her words also suggest that she did not expect anyone to come back and ask about the belongings she had taken away.

Q2. The story is divided into pre-War and post-War times. What hardships do you think the girl underwent during these times?

Answer: During the war, the girl’s family lived under the threat of persecution and displacement. They had to think about leaving their home and trusted Mrs Dorling to keep their belongings safe. After the war, the girl had lost her mother and her former home. She had to face painful memories and the unkind behaviour of Mrs Dorling when she tried to find the family possessions.

Q3. Why did the narrator of the story want to forget the address?

Answer: The address reminded the narrator of her mother, her lost home and the painful years of the war. When she saw the familiar objects in Mrs Dorling’s house, they seemed strange and gave her no comfort. She realised that taking them back could not restore her former life. Therefore, she decided to forget the address and move on.

Q4. ‘The Address’ is a story of human predicament that follows war. Comment.

Answer: The story presents the suffering that continues even after a war has ended. The narrator has lost her mother and her home. The family’s possessions have survived, but they are now in a strange place and cannot bring back the past. Mrs Dorling’s behaviour adds to the narrator’s sense of loss. The story shows that war damages human relationships, security and memories, and that survivors may find it difficult to rebuild their lives.

9. Important Exam Questions

These additional questions practise factual recall, explanation and interpretation. Suggested answers are written in the usual CBSE style. Word limits are approximate; follow the instructions in your question paper.

Very Short Answer Questions (VSA)

Q1. Where did Mrs Dorling live?

Answer: Mrs Dorling lived at Number 46, Marconi Street.

Q2. What was Mrs Dorling wearing when the narrator first visited her?

Answer: She was wearing the narrator’s mother’s green knitted cardigan with wooden buttons.

Q3. Who had given the narrator Mrs Dorling’s address?

Answer: The narrator’s mother had given her the address during the war.

Q4. Why did Mrs Dorling take the family’s belongings?

Answer: She said that she wanted to keep them safe in case the family had to leave their home.

Q5. Who opened the door during the narrator’s second visit?

Answer: Mrs Dorling’s daughter opened the door.

Short Answer Questions (30–40 words)

Q6. Why did the narrator wait so long before visiting Mrs Dorling?

Answer: After the Liberation, the narrator was not interested in the stored belongings. She was also afraid of facing objects linked with a family life that no longer existed. She visited only when she felt ready.

Q7. How did the narrator know that she had reached the correct address?

Answer: At first, Mrs Dorling denied knowing her. Then the narrator noticed that she was wearing her mother’s green knitted cardigan. The familiar cardigan and its pale wooden buttons confirmed that she had found the right woman.

Q8. How was the second visit different from the first?

Answer: During the first visit, Mrs Dorling refused to let the narrator enter. During the second visit, Mrs Dorling was away and her daughter opened the door. The narrator was able to enter and see the family’s belongings.

Q9. Why did the familiar objects look strange to the narrator?

Answer: The objects were no longer in their original home or among the people who had given them meaning. They were arranged in an unfamiliar room. Seeing them there made the narrator feel that she was both in a known and an unknown place.

Q10. Why did the narrator leave without taking the belongings?

Answer: The objects brought back painful memories instead of comfort. The narrator understood that they could not restore her mother or her former home. She therefore left them behind and chose to move on.

Long Answer Questions (100–120 words)

Q11. Describe the narrator’s two visits to 46, Marconi Street.

Answer: The narrator visits 46, Marconi Street after the war to find the belongings her mother had entrusted to Mrs Dorling. On her first visit, Mrs Dorling opens the door only a little and claims that she does not know the narrator. The narrator recognises her mother’s green knitted cardigan and becomes sure that she has found the right house. Mrs Dorling still refuses to speak to her and closes the door. On the second visit, Mrs Dorling is away and her daughter lets the narrator in. She sees many familiar objects in the living room. However, they look strange in their new surroundings, and she leaves without taking anything.

Q12. How does Marga Minco show that material possessions cannot replace people and relationships?

Answer: The narrator finds many objects that once belonged to her family, such as the tablecloth, silver cutlery and other household things. These objects remind her of her mother and the home she has lost. Yet they do not make her happy. In Mrs Dorling’s house, they appear strange because they are separated from their original setting and from the people who used them. The narrator realises that recovering these things cannot bring her mother back or restore her old life. She therefore leaves them behind. Through this experience, the story shows that the emotional value of objects comes from the people and memories connected with them.

Q13. What impression do you form of Mrs Dorling from her behaviour?

Answer: Mrs Dorling appears secretive and unwilling to face the narrator. During the war, she repeatedly took the family’s belongings, saying that she would keep them safe. After the war, she refuses to recognise the narrator, although she is wearing the narrator’s mother’s cardigan. She also prevents the door from opening further and makes an excuse to end the conversation. Her behaviour gives the impression that she does not wish to return the possessions or explain what happened to them. However, the story does not directly describe her private thoughts. We understand her mainly through her actions and the narrator’s response to them.

Q14. Explain the significance of the title The Address.

Answer: The address 46, Marconi Street is central to the story. It is the place where Mrs Dorling has taken the narrator’s family belongings. The narrator remembers it because her mother asks her to do so. At first, the address gives her hope that she may find the family possessions. When she finally visits, however, she faces denial, discomfort and painful memories. The objects she finds cannot bring back her mother or her former home. At the end, she decides to forget the address. This decision represents her attempt to leave the past behind and begin living without being tied to painful memories.

Exam tip: In answers about Mrs Dorling, write what her actions suggest. Avoid claiming that the story directly proves every motive or thought you assign to her.

10. The Address – Summary in Hindi

द एड्रेस – हिंदी में सारांश

यह कहानी मार्गा मिन्को द्वारा लिखी गई है। इसकी मुख्य पात्र एक युवती है, जो द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध के बाद अपनी माँ की पुरानी वस्तुओं का पता लगाने जाती है। युद्ध के पहले आधे भाग में मिसेज़ डॉरलिंग नाम की एक परिचित महिला उसकी माँ के घर आने लगी थी। वह घर की कीमती वस्तुएँ अपने साथ ले जाती थी और कहती थी कि वह उन्हें सुरक्षित रखेगी।

कथावाचिका की माँ ने उसे मिसेज़ डॉरलिंग का पता—46, मारकोनी स्ट्रीट—याद रखने को कहा था। युद्ध समाप्त होने के बाद कथावाचिका पहले उन वस्तुओं को देखने में रुचि नहीं रखती, क्योंकि उसकी माँ अब जीवित नहीं थी और पुरानी यादें उसे दुख पहुँचाती थीं। बाद में वह उस पते पर जाती है। पहली बार मिसेज़ डॉरलिंग उसे पहचानने से इनकार कर देती है। कथावाचिका उसकी माँ का हरा बुना हुआ कार्डिगन देखकर समझ जाती है कि वह सही घर पहुँची है।

दूसरी बार मिसेज़ डॉरलिंग घर पर नहीं होती। उसकी बेटी कथावाचिका को अंदर आने देती है। वहाँ उसे अपने पुराने घर की कई वस्तुएँ दिखाई देती हैं, लेकिन वे नए वातावरण में अजनबी लगती हैं। उसे एहसास होता है कि इन वस्तुओं को वापस पाने से उसकी माँ या पुराना जीवन वापस नहीं आ सकता। इसलिए वह बिना कुछ लिए वहाँ से चली जाती है और उस पते को भूलने का निर्णय करती है।

The Address – Summary in Urdu

دی ایڈریس — اردو میں خلاصہ

یہ کہانی مارگا منکو نے لکھی ہے۔ اس کی مرکزی کردار ایک نوجوان لڑکی ہے جو دوسری جنگِ عظیم کے بعد اپنی ماں کی پرانی چیزوں کا پتا لگانے جاتی ہے۔ جنگ کے پہلے نصف حصے میں مسز ڈارلنگ نامی ایک واقف کار خاتون اس کی ماں کے گھر آنے لگی تھی۔ وہ گھر کی قیمتی چیزیں اپنے ساتھ لے جاتی اور کہتی تھی کہ انہیں محفوظ رکھے گی۔

لڑکی کی ماں نے اسے مسز ڈارلنگ کا پتا، یعنی 46 مارکونی اسٹریٹ، یاد رکھنے کو کہا تھا۔ جنگ ختم ہونے کے بعد لڑکی ابتدا میں ان چیزوں کو دیکھنے میں دلچسپی نہیں لیتی، کیونکہ اس کی ماں اب زندہ نہیں تھی اور پرانی یادیں اسے غمگین کرتی تھیں۔ بعد میں وہ اس پتے پر جاتی ہے۔ پہلی ملاقات میں مسز ڈارلنگ اسے پہچاننے سے انکار کرتی ہے۔ لڑکی اپنی ماں کا سبز بُنا ہوا کارڈیگن دیکھ کر سمجھ جاتی ہے کہ وہ صحیح گھر پہنچی ہے۔

دوسری مرتبہ مسز ڈارلنگ گھر پر نہیں ہوتی۔ اس کی بیٹی لڑکی کو اندر آنے دیتی ہے۔ وہاں اسے اپنے پرانے گھر کی کئی چیزیں دکھائی دیتی ہیں، لیکن نئے ماحول میں وہ اجنبی محسوس ہوتی ہیں۔ اسے احساس ہوتا ہے کہ ان چیزوں کو واپس لینے سے نہ اس کی ماں واپس آ سکتی ہے اور نہ ہی اس کی پرانی زندگی۔ چنانچہ وہ کچھ لیے بغیر وہاں سے چلی جاتی ہے اور اس پتے کو بھول جانے کا فیصلہ کرتی ہے۔

11. Practice MCQ Quiz

Choose the correct option for each question and then select Check Answers. Your score and feedback will appear below.

1. Who is the author of The Address?

A. Katherine Mansfield B. Marga Minco C. Jane Austen D. Virginia Woolf

2. Where did Mrs Dorling live?

A. 14, Baker Street B. 46, Marconi Street C. 16, Market Road D. 40, Station Road

3. Why did Mrs Dorling take the family’s belongings?

A. She wanted to sell them B. She wanted to decorate her house C. She said she would keep them safe D. The narrator asked her to take them

4. When did Mrs Dorling begin taking the belongings?

A. Before the war B. During the first half of the war C. After the Liberation D. Many years after the war

5. Which object helped the narrator identify Mrs Dorling’s house?

A. A silver plate B. A woollen tablecloth C. A green knitted cardigan D. A photograph

6. How did Mrs Dorling behave during the first visit?

A. She welcomed the narrator warmly B. She denied knowing the narrator C. She invited her to stay D. She returned all the belongings

7. Who opened the door during the second visit?

A. Mrs Dorling B. The narrator’s mother C. Mrs Dorling’s daughter D. A neighbour

8. Why did the narrator initially avoid visiting Mrs Dorling?

A. She had forgotten the address B. She was not interested and feared painful memories C. She had moved to another country D. Her mother had asked her not to go

9. What did the narrator feel when she saw the familiar objects?

A. Complete happiness B. Pride and excitement C. Discomfort and estrangement D. Anger at her mother

10. What did the narrator finally decide?

A. To take every object home B. To report Mrs Dorling C. To forget the address D. To visit every week

11. What does the address mainly represent at the end of the story?

A. A new beginning with Mrs Dorling B. A painful link with the past C. The narrator’s new home D. A place of celebration

12. Which statement best expresses a central idea of the story?

A. Wealth always brings happiness B. Objects can fully replace lost relationships C. War leaves emotional wounds after it ends D. Old houses should never be visited

---

Study reminder: This guide is a learning aid. For quotations and line-specific questions, always refer to the prescribed edition of NCERT Snapshots.

The Summer of the Beautiful White Horse: Ultimate Guide to Class 11 English

Class XI · English Core · NCERT Snapshots

The Summer of the Beautiful White Horse

A complete study guide to William Saroyan’s story, with a clear summary, event-by-event explanation, character sketches, themes, vocabulary, NCERT question answers, extra practice and an interactive quiz.

Simple EnglishExam preparationHindi summaryUrdu summary

AuthorWilliam Saroyan

TextbookSnapshots, Chapter 1

NarratorAram, aged nine

In this guide

1. Introduction
2. Quick chapter recap
3. Detailed summary
4. Story explained
5. Character sketches
6. Themes and title
7. Word meanings
8. NCERT textbook questions
9. Extra questions and answers
10. Interactive MCQ quiz
11. Hindi summary
12. Urdu summary
13. Exam tips

1. Introduction to the story

The Summer of the Beautiful White Horse is a short story by Armenian-American writer William Saroyan. It is narrated by Aram, who looks back on an incident from the summer when he was nine years old. Aram and his cousin Mourad belong to the Garoghlanian family, an Armenian family known in the story for two things: poverty and honesty.

One morning, Mourad arrives at Aram’s window riding a beautiful white horse. The sight fills Aram with joy because he has always wanted to ride a horse. It also confuses him: their family is too poor to buy one, and its reputation for honesty makes theft seem impossible. The boys’ adventure tests the values they have inherited.

Central idea: The story shows how the excitement of childhood can come into conflict with honesty. The boys enjoy riding a horse that does not belong to them, but the owner’s trust in their family makes them face the wrong in their action.

2. Quick chapter recap

1. Nine-year-old Aram wakes at about four in the morning to find his cousin Mourad sitting on a white horse.
2. Aram is thrilled but suspects that Mourad has taken the horse because their family is poor.
3. The boys ride the horse and hide it in the barn of a deserted vineyard belonging to Fetvajian.
4. Aram learns that Mourad has had the horse for about a month.
5. John Byro, an Assyrian farmer, visits Aram’s home and says that his white horse was stolen.
6. After riding for two weeks, the boys meet Byro on the road. He recognises the horse but does not accuse them because he trusts their family.
7. The next morning, the boys return the horse to Byro’s vineyard barn.
8. Byro later tells Aram’s mother that the horse has returned stronger and better-tempered.

3. Detailed summary

The story opens with Aram remembering his childhood, when he was nine and the world seemed full of wonder. One summer morning, at around four o’clock, his cousin Mourad taps on his bedroom window. Aram looks out and sees Mourad sitting on a beautiful white horse. He can hardly believe what he sees.

Aram has always longed to ride a horse. However, the Garoghlanian family is extremely poor. Its members are also famous for their honesty, a reputation said to have lasted for eleven centuries. Aram therefore finds it difficult to accept that Mourad could own the horse. He asks where Mourad got it, and Mourad invites him to come for a ride instead of giving a direct answer.

Aram knows that the horse must have been taken without the owner’s permission, but he makes excuses for the act. He tells himself that taking a horse for a ride is not like stealing money and that it would become stealing only if they tried to sell it. Excited by the chance to ride, he joins Mourad.

The boys ride through the countryside. Mourad handles the horse with great skill, while Aram is unable to control it properly. During his turn, the horse runs towards a vineyard, jumps over vines and throws him off. Mourad later finds the horse and takes it to the barn of a deserted vineyard once owned by a farmer named Fetvajian. The barn has oats and dry alfalfa.

Mourad explains that he has a special understanding with horses. Aram admires his cousin’s confidence and skill. The story also shows Mourad’s kindness towards animals: Aram later finds him trying to help an injured young robin.

That afternoon, farmer John Byro visits Aram’s home. Byro is an Assyrian who has learned Armenian because he feels lonely. He tells the family that his white horse was stolen the previous month. Uncle Khosrove, who is impatient and loud, dismisses Byro’s complaint with his usual words: “Pay no attention to it.” Aram understands that the missing horse is the one Mourad has taken.

Aram goes to Mourad and asks him not to return the horse until he has learned to ride. Mourad says that this could take a year, but insists that a member of the Garoghlanian family cannot be a thief. He says the horse must be returned, at the latest, in six months. The boys continue riding it for two weeks.

One morning, they meet John Byro while taking the horse towards its hiding place. Mourad does the talking. Byro examines the horse carefully and even looks at its teeth. He says that he would swear it is his missing horse if he did not know the boys’ parents and the family’s reputation for honesty. He calls it the twin of his horse and lets them go without making an accusation.

The next morning, Aram and Mourad take the horse to Byro’s vineyard and put it in the barn. The dogs follow them quietly. Before leaving, Mourad embraces the horse, presses his nose against its nose and pats it. That afternoon, Byro visits Aram’s home in his surrey. He says that his horse has returned stronger and better-tempered than before. Uncle Khosrove again tells him not to worry. The story ends without a direct confession from the boys, but their action restores the horse to its owner.

4. Explanation of the story

4.1 Aram’s excitement and disbelief

Aram has dreamed of riding a horse for a long time. Seeing Mourad on a white horse fills him with excitement. Yet he cannot understand how Mourad could have obtained it. The family is poor, and its members are proud of their honesty. This creates the story’s main conflict between desire and moral duty.

4.2 How the boys justify taking the horse

Aram tries to make the act seem less wrong. He reasons that riding a horse without permission is different from stealing money, and that it would count as stealing only if they sold it. This is a child’s attempt to excuse something he knows is wrong. Mourad also calls it borrowing, although the owner has not given permission.

4.3 Mourad’s love for animals

Mourad has a special way with the horse. He can control it and seems to understand its behaviour. His care for the injured robin and his quiet farewell to the horse show that he is not simply a careless boy. He is impulsive, but he is also affectionate towards animals.

4.4 John Byro’s trust

Byro recognises the horse, especially after examining its teeth. Yet he does not accuse the boys. He trusts the family’s long-standing reputation for honesty. His words make the boys face the gap between their action and the values their family claims to follow.

4.5 The return of the horse

The boys return the horse the next morning. The story does not state in a direct sentence exactly what each boy feels. It is reasonable to infer that Byro’s trust and the family’s reputation affect their decision. The return is also an act of responsibility towards the horse’s owner.

5. Character sketches

Aram

Aram is the nine-year-old narrator. He is curious, innocent and eager for adventure. His long-standing wish to ride a horse makes him join Mourad even though he suspects that the horse has been taken without permission. He tries to justify the act, showing that he is tempted to put pleasure before honesty. At the same time, he is aware of his family’s reputation and understands the moral problem. His narration lets readers see both the excitement and the uneasiness of childhood.

Mourad

Mourad is Aram’s thirteen-year-old cousin. He is bold, energetic, adventurous and unusual in his behaviour. He has a natural skill with animals and a special way of handling the horse. He is also kind, as shown by his attempt to help an injured robin. Although he takes the horse without permission, he insists that it must be returned because the family cannot be known as thieves. His affection for the horse is clear when he says goodbye to it.

John Byro

John Byro is an Assyrian farmer and the owner of the white horse. He is practical and hardworking. The loss of his horse causes him difficulty because he uses it with his surrey. When he meets the boys, he recognises the horse but chooses not to accuse them. His faith in the Garoghlanian family’s honesty is stronger than his suspicion. His trust becomes an important moral force in the story.

Uncle Khosrove

Uncle Khosrove is loud, impatient and easily irritated. He dismisses almost every complaint with the phrase “Pay no attention to it.” His response to John Byro’s loss provides humour. He is described as a large man with a gentle heart, and his behaviour is linked to his homesickness for the old country. Mourad is said to have inherited the family’s “crazy streak” in the spirit of Khosrove.

Aram’s mother

Aram’s mother is caring and hospitable. She offers John Byro coffee and tobacco when he visits. She also explains Uncle Khosrove’s behaviour by saying that he has a gentle heart and is homesick.

6. Themes and significance of the title

Honesty and family reputation

The family’s reputation for honesty shapes the boys’ choices. Byro’s trust makes them think about the values they have been taught.

Childhood and innocence

Aram and Mourad see the horse as a source of joy and adventure. Their reasoning shows how children may excuse an action when they strongly desire something.

Love for animals

Mourad’s care for the horse and the injured robin shows his tenderness towards living creatures.

Trust

Byro chooses to trust the boys because he knows their family. His trust has a stronger effect than an accusation might have had.

Why is the title appropriate?

The title refers to the summer when Aram and Mourad have their unusual adventure with the beautiful white horse. The horse is at the centre of the events and becomes a source of excitement, conflict and moral reflection. The words “summer” and “beautiful white horse” also bring out the narrator’s warm memory of childhood.

What does the white horse represent?

The horse can be read as a symbol of freedom, adventure and the boys’ desire to experience something beyond their poor circumstances. It also becomes a test of their honesty because it belongs to someone else.

7. Word meanings

These words and expressions occur in, or are closely connected with, the chapter. Meanings are kept simple for quick revision.

Word / expression	Simple meaning
Magnificence	Great beauty, splendour or greatness
Mysterious	Strange or difficult to understand
Longings	Strong wishes or desires
Poverty-stricken	Extremely poor
Comical	Funny or amusing
Take advantage of	Use someone unfairly for personal benefit
Pious	Deeply religious
Descendant	A person who comes from a particular family line
Streak	A noticeable quality or tendency in a person
Surreptitiously	Secretly, without being noticed
Vagrant	A person who has no settled home and moves from place to place
Leap	Jump
Trot	A horse’s pace, faster than a walk and slower than a gallop
Vineyard	A piece of land where grapes are grown
Alfalfa	A plant grown as food for farm animals
Parlour	A sitting room in a house
Surrey	A light horse-drawn carriage
Irrigation ditch	A channel that carries water to fields
Roared	Shouted in a loud voice
Strode	Walked with long steps
Temper	A person’s usual mood or manner; in the story, the horse’s behaviour
Conscience-stricken	Feeling guilty because one knows one has done wrong
Integrity	The quality of being honest and doing what is right
Heritage	Traditions and values passed down through generations

8. NCERT textbook questions and answers

The answers below are written as study models. Students should use their own words in the examination.

Q1. You will probably agree that this story does not have breathless adventure and exciting action. Then what, in your opinion, makes it interesting?

Long answer · about 120–150 words

Answer: The story is interesting because it presents an unusual moral situation through the eyes of a child. Aram and Mourad take a horse for riding, but they belong to a family famous for honesty. This creates suspense: readers want to know whether the boys will return the horse and how they will face its owner. The contrast between their poverty and their family’s strong reputation adds interest. Mourad’s unusual personality, his skill with animals and Uncle Khosrove’s repeated outbursts also add humour. John Byro’s trust in the family becomes the turning point. The story does not depend on dramatic action; it holds the reader’s attention through character, gentle humour, childhood excitement and a quiet moral conflict.

Q2. Did the boys return the horse because they were conscience-stricken or because they were afraid?

Short answer · about 40–50 words

Answer: The story does not give a direct explanation of the boys’ thoughts. However, it is reasonable to infer that John Byro’s trust in their family made them feel the weight of their action. They may also have understood that keeping the horse was wrong. They return it the next morning without being forced to do so.

Q3. “One day back there in the good old days when I was nine and the world was full of every imaginable kind of magnificence, and life was still a delightful and mysterious dream...” The story begins in a mood of nostalgia. Can you narrate some incident from your childhood that might make an interesting story?

Personal response · about 120–150 words

Answer: This is a personal-response question. There is no single correct answer. Write about one real childhood incident that you still remember clearly. You may describe a game with friends, a visit to a village, a school event or an unexpected adventure. Begin by stating when and where it happened. Then explain what you did, what made the incident special and how you felt at that time. End by saying why the memory is still important to you. Use the first person and keep the events in the correct order.

Q4. The story revolves around characters who belong to a tribe in Armenia. Mourad and Aram are members of the Garoghlanian family. Locate Armenia and Assyria on the atlas and prepare a write-up on the Garoghlanian tribe. You may write about people, their names, traits, geographical and economic features as suggested in the story.

Long answer · about 120–150 words

Answer: The Garoghlanian family in the story is Armenian. The narrator describes the family as extremely poor but famous for honesty for about eleven centuries. Its members take pride in their name and believe that no one in the family should take advantage of another person. Aram and Mourad are young members of this family. They live in an Armenian-American community in California. John Byro, the owner of the horse, is an Assyrian farmer who has learned to speak Armenian because he feels lonely. Armenia is in the South Caucasus, while Assyria refers to an ancient region of northern Mesopotamia. The story presents the family’s poverty and strong sense of honour as important parts of its identity.

9. Extra questions and answers

Very Short Answer Questions (VSA)

1. How old was Aram when the incident took place?

Answer: Aram was nine years old.

2. How old was Mourad?

Answer: Mourad was thirteen years old.

3. At what time did Mourad come to Aram’s house?

Answer: He came at about four o’clock in the morning.

4. Where did Mourad hide the horse?

Answer: He hid it in the barn of a deserted vineyard that had once belonged to farmer Fetvajian.

5. Who owned the white horse?

Answer: The horse belonged to John Byro, an Assyrian farmer.

6. What was the name Mourad gave the horse?

Answer: He called it “My Heart” in Armenian.

Short Answer Questions (SA)

7. Why was Aram unable to believe that Mourad had a horse?

About 40–50 words

Answer: Aram knew that his family was extremely poor and could not afford to buy a horse. At the same time, the Garoghlanian family was famous for honesty. He therefore found it difficult to believe that Mourad could own the horse, because that would mean he had taken it without permission.

8. How did Aram try to justify riding the horse?

About 40–50 words

Answer: Aram told himself that taking a horse for a ride was not the same as stealing money. He also thought that it would become stealing only if they tried to sell the horse. This reasoning helped him ignore the fact that the horse had been taken without its owner’s permission.

9. What does Mourad’s treatment of the injured robin tell us about him?

About 40–50 words

Answer: Mourad is not only adventurous but also caring. Aram finds him trying to repair the injured wing of a young robin. This incident shows that Mourad has affection for animals and a gentle side beneath his bold and unusual behaviour.

10. Why did John Byro not accuse the boys when he saw them with the horse?

About 40–50 words

Answer: Byro recognised the horse and examined its teeth, but he trusted the Garoghlanian family’s reputation for honesty. He said that he would identify it as his horse if he did not know the boys’ parents. Rather than accuse them, he called it the twin of his missing horse.

11. What did John Byro notice when his horse was returned?

About 40–50 words

Answer: Byro was surprised to find that the horse had returned stronger than ever and was better-tempered. He thanked God for its return. His words suggest that the boys had looked after the animal during the time it was away.

Long Answer Questions (LA)

12. Compare the personalities of Aram and Mourad.

About 120–150 words

Answer: Aram and Mourad are close cousins, but they have different personalities. Aram is younger, more cautious and thoughtful. He is excited by the sight of the horse because he has always wanted to ride one. However, he is also aware that the horse may have been stolen. Mourad is thirteen and much more daring. He acts confidently, handles the horse with skill and has a special way with animals. He is also kind, as shown by his care for an injured robin. Both boys are tempted by the pleasure of riding the horse, but Mourad insists that it must be returned because their family cannot be known as thieves. Their differences make the story lively, while their shared family values guide the ending.

13. How does John Byro’s trust become a turning point in the story?

About 120–150 words

Answer: John Byro’s trust becomes the turning point because he recognises his missing horse but refuses to accuse the boys. He has examined the horse and is almost certain that it is his. Yet he says that he cannot believe the boys have taken it because he knows their parents and their family’s reputation for honesty. His trust places a moral responsibility on Aram and Mourad. They cannot easily ignore the fact that a man who respects their family is suffering because of their action. The next morning, they return the horse. Byro’s calm faith therefore has a stronger effect than anger or punishment might have had.

14. Explain the role of humour in the story, with reference to Uncle Khosrove.

About 120–150 words

Answer: Humour makes the story pleasant and balances its moral conflict. Uncle Khosrove is the main source of comedy. He is loud and impatient, and he reacts to almost every complaint by saying, “Pay no attention to it.” When John Byro tells him that his horse has been stolen, Khosrove refuses to take the matter seriously. He also dismisses Byro’s difficulty in walking because of his painful leg. Later, when Byro announces that the horse has returned, Khosrove gives him the same advice. His repeated words become a comic habit. Through Khosrove, the writer creates a memorable character and adds warmth to the story.

15. Is Mourad’s act of taking the horse consistent with the family’s reputation for honesty? Give reasons.

About 120–150 words

Answer: No. Taking the horse without the owner’s permission is not honest, even if Mourad intends to return it. He tries to describe the act as borrowing, but true borrowing requires the owner’s consent. Aram also makes excuses because he wants to enjoy riding the horse. However, both boys know that the horse does not belong to them. Mourad’s insistence that the horse must be returned shows that he still respects the family’s reputation. Their action is therefore a conflict between their desire for adventure and the values they have inherited. By returning the horse, they act in a way that is more consistent with the family’s name.

10. Interactive MCQ quiz

Choose one answer for each question and select Check my answers to see your score and feedback. Each question carries one mark.

1. How old is Aram when the story takes place?

A. Seven years oldB. Nine years oldC. Eleven years oldD. Thirteen years old

2. How old is Mourad?

A. NineB. TenC. ThirteenD. Fifteen

3. At what time does Mourad arrive at Aram’s window?

A. MidnightB. About four in the morningC. At sunriseD. Late in the afternoon

4. Why is Aram surprised to see Mourad on a horse?

A. He has never seen a horseB. Mourad is afraid of horsesC. The family is poor and known for honestyD. Mourad has promised not to ride

5. Where do the boys hide the horse?

A. In Aram’s stableB. In a barn in a deserted vineyardC. At John Byro’s houseD. In Uncle Khosrove’s yard

6. Who is the owner of the white horse?

A. FetvajianB. Uncle KhosroveC. John ByroD. Zorab

7. What does Aram tell himself to justify riding the horse?

A. The horse is ownerlessB. It is not stealing if they do not sell itC. John Byro has gifted itD. Mourad has bought it

8. What is Mourad doing when Aram visits him after Byro’s complaint?

A. Repairing a cartB. Feeding a dogC. Trying to help an injured robinD. Cleaning the horse

9. What does John Byro do when he meets the boys with the horse?

A. Takes the horse awayB. Calls the policeC. Recognises it but does not accuse themD. Offers to buy it

10. What detail does Byro examine to identify the horse?

A. Its saddleB. Its teethC. Its tailD. Its hooves

11. How long do the boys ride the horse together before meeting Byro?

A. Two daysB. One weekC. Two weeksD. Six months

12. What do the boys do the morning after meeting Byro?

A. Sell the horseB. Hide it in another townC. Return it to Byro’s vineyard barnD. Keep it for six months

13. What does Byro say about the horse after it returns?

A. It is weaker and nervousB. It is stronger and better-temperedC. It has become illD. It is no longer white

14. Which character repeatedly says, “Pay no attention to it”?

A. AramB. MouradC. John ByroD. Uncle Khosrove

15. What is the main moral conflict in the story?

A. Poverty versus wealthB. Adventure and desire versus honestyC. City life versus village lifeD. Youth versus old age

11. The Summer of the Beautiful White Horse – हिंदी में सारांश

कहानी का सारांश

विलियम सरॉयन की कहानी The Summer of the Beautiful White Horse नौ साल के अराम की यादों पर आधारित है। एक गर्मी की सुबह उसका तेरह वर्षीय चचेरा भाई मौराद सफेद घोड़े पर बैठकर उसके घर आता है। अराम घोड़े को देखकर बहुत खुश होता है, क्योंकि वह हमेशा से घुड़सवारी करना चाहता था। लेकिन उसे आश्चर्य भी होता है कि गरीब परिवार का मौराद इतना सुंदर घोड़ा कहाँ से लाया।

गरोग्लानियन परिवार अपनी गरीबी और ईमानदारी के लिए प्रसिद्ध था। इसलिए अराम समझ जाता है कि घोड़ा शायद किसी और का है। फिर भी वह मौराद के साथ घुड़सवारी करने लगता है। दोनों घोड़े को एक सुनसान अंगूर के बाग के अस्तबल में छिपाकर रखते हैं।

एक दिन किसान जॉन बायरो अराम के घर आता है और बताता है कि उसका सफेद घोड़ा पिछले महीने चोरी हो गया था। कुछ समय बाद दोनों लड़कों की मुलाकात बायरो से होती है। वह घोड़े को पहचान लेता है, लेकिन परिवार की ईमानदारी पर भरोसा होने के कारण उन पर आरोप नहीं लगाता।

अगली सुबह अराम और मौराद घोड़े को उसके मालिक के अस्तबल में वापस पहुँचा देते हैं। बाद में बायरो बताता है कि घोड़ा पहले से अधिक मजबूत और शांत स्वभाव का हो गया है। कहानी हमें सिखाती है कि बचपन का रोमांच भी ईमानदारी और दूसरों के अधिकारों से ऊपर नहीं होना चाहिए।

12. The Summer of the Beautiful White Horse – اردو میں خلاصہ

کہانی کا خلاصہ

ولیم ساروئین کی کہانی The Summer of the Beautiful White Horse نو سالہ آرم کی بچپن کی یادوں پر مبنی ہے۔ گرمیوں کی ایک صبح اس کا تیرہ سالہ کزن موراد ایک خوبصورت سفید گھوڑے پر سوار ہو کر اس کے گھر آتا ہے۔ آرم گھوڑے کو دیکھ کر بہت خوش ہوتا ہے کیونکہ وہ ہمیشہ سے گھڑسواری کرنا چاہتا تھا۔ لیکن اسے حیرت بھی ہوتی ہے کہ ان کا غریب خاندان اتنا قیمتی گھوڑا کیسے خرید سکتا ہے۔

گارغولانیان خاندان اپنی غربت اور ایمانداری کے لیے مشہور تھا۔ آرم سمجھ جاتا ہے کہ گھوڑا شاید کسی دوسرے شخص کا ہے، لیکن پھر بھی وہ موراد کے ساتھ گھڑسواری کرتا ہے۔ دونوں لڑکے گھوڑے کو ایک ویران انگور کے باغ کے اصطبل میں چھپا دیتے ہیں۔

ایک دن جان بایرو نامی کسان آرم کے گھر آتا ہے اور بتاتا ہے کہ اس کا سفید گھوڑا پچھلے مہینے چوری ہو گیا تھا۔ بعد میں دونوں لڑکوں کی ملاقات بایرو سے ہوتی ہے۔ وہ گھوڑے کو پہچان لیتا ہے، لیکن خاندان کی ایمانداری پر بھروسا کرتے ہوئے لڑکوں پر الزام نہیں لگاتا۔

اگلی صبح آرم اور موراد گھوڑے کو اس کے مالک کے اصطبل میں واپس پہنچا دیتے ہیں۔ بعد میں بایرو بتاتا ہے کہ گھوڑا پہلے سے زیادہ طاقتور اور بہتر مزاج ہو گیا ہے۔ کہانی یہ سبق دیتی ہے کہ خوشی اور مہم جوئی کے باوجود دوسروں کے حقوق اور ایمانداری کا خیال رکھنا چاہیے۔

13. Exam tips

• For a short answer: Answer the question directly and add one or two supporting details from the story.
• For a long answer: Begin with the main point, explain it with events or character details, and finish with a clear concluding sentence.
• For character-based questions: Support each quality with an incident. For example, connect Mourad’s kindness with the injured robin.
• For theme-based questions: Explain the conflict between the boys’ wish to ride the horse and the family’s reputation for honesty.
• For the personal-response question: Write about a real childhood memory. Do not memorise a made-up incident as a standard answer.
• Remember the sequence: Mourad arrives → the boys ride and hide the horse → Byro reports the loss → the boys meet Byro → they return the horse → Byro reports its return.

Teacher’s note: The most useful point for interpretation is that the story does not directly tell us why the boys return the horse. Students can argue that Byro’s trust, their family pride and their conscience all play a part, but they should present this as an interpretation supported by events.

About this study guide

This guide is prepared for Class XI students studying William Saroyan’s The Summer of the Beautiful White Horse in NCERT Snapshots. It combines chapter-based explanation, model answers and practice questions in simple English.

Author: Malik Mohd Arshad · EnglishNotes.in

↑ Back to Table of Contents

MCQs - Class XI - Snapshots - Chapter 7 - Birth - by A.J. Cronin.

Objective type questions.:-

Q.1. Who is the author of "Birth"?

(A) A.J. Cronin

(B) J.B. Priestley

(C) Andrew Manson

(D) Edward Page

Q.2. Andrew did his medical practice under the assistance of____

(A) Dr. Page

(B) Dr. Morgan

(C) Dr. William

(D) Dr. Shane

Q.3. Where did Joe Morgan live?

(A) Number 11, Blaina Terrace

(B) Number 14, Bryngower

(C) Number 12, Blaina Terrace

(D) Number 12, Bryngower

Q.4. When Andrew approached, Susan was accompanied by her mother and 

(A) Joe

(B) father

(C) a midwife

(D) mother-in-law

Q.5. "Don't fret, mother, I'll not run away." Why did Andrew say this?

(A) To reassure Mrs. Morgan's mother

(B) To fulfill his obligations

(C) To break the silence

(D) To handle a critical situation well

Q.6. While waiting at Joe's house, what did Andrew think about?

(A) Mrs. Morgan's condition

(B) Failed marriages

(C) Christine

(D) Both (B) and (C)

Q.7. What dilemma did doctor Andrew confront? 

(A) Whether the child could be saved or not.

(B) Whether the treatment would be successful.

(C) Whether to attend the child or the mother. (D) Whether to inform Joe or not.

Q.8. In the dilemma he faced, what did Andrew (A) Check upon Susan first

(B) Check upon the child first

(C) Ran away

(D) Left it to handle to the midwife

Q.9. Where had the midwife placed the stillborn child?

(A) She held the child in her arms

(B) Gave him to Susan's mother

(C) Under the bed

(D) Gave him to Joe

Q.10. What did Andrew conclude from the whiteness of the child?

(A) That he was dead.

(B) That he suffered from lack of oxygen. 

(C) That he should be taken to hospital.

(D) That Andrew couldn't save him.

Q.11. What all things did Andrew use in the treatment?

(A) Hot and cold water

(B) Basins and towels

(C) A blanket

(D) All of the above

Q.12. How did Andrew try to save the still born? 

(A) Using a special method of respiration

(B) Calling Dr. Edward

(C) Taking him to a hospital

(D) Giving him blood

Q.13. What did Andrew remember in the middle of ongoing treatment?

(A) About his love for Christine

(B) Morgan family's longing for a child

(C) His time in Samaritan

(D) About his obligation as a doctor

Q.14. Why did the child become slippery in Andrew's Q-17. hand?

(A) Because of atmosphere in the room.

(B) Because Andrew was losing his focus.

(C) Because of constant juggling between waters.

(D) None of the above

Q.15. Why did Andrew get oblivious to all the work he had done in Blaenelly?

(A) Because he got all hopeless. 

(B) Because he did something extraordinary that night. 

(C) Because he was leaving Blaenelly.

(D) Because he got tired.

Q 16. Why did Andrew get oblivious to all the work he had done in Blaenelly? 

(A) Because he got all hopeless.

(B) Because he did something extraordinary that night. 

(C) Because he was leaving Blaenelly.

(D) Because he got tired.

Q.17. Why is the lesson named "Birth"?

(A) Because the doctor is specialist in childbirths.

(B) Because a lot of childbirths take place. 

(C) Because it is about birth of a child.

(D) Because it talks about philosophy of life.

Q.18. What can you say about Dr. Andrew after reading "Birth"?

(A) He did not put all his efforts.

(B) He fulfilled his obligations well as a doctor.

(C) His skills were not enough.

(D) He was arrogant.

Answer key:-

1. (A)

2. (A)

3. (C)

4. (C)

5. (A)

6. (D)

7. (C)

8. (A)

9. (C)

10. (B)

11. (D)

12. (A)

13. (B)

14. (C)

15. (D)

16. (B)

17. (C)

18. (B)

Extract Based MCQs:-

1. Read the extract given below and answer the following questions by choosing the correct option:

As he gazed at the still form a shiver of horror passed over Andrew. After all that, he had promised! His face heated with his own exertions, chilled suddenly. He hesitated, torn between his desire to attempt to resuscitate the child and his obligation towards the mother, who was herself in a desperate state. The dilemma was so urgent he did not solve it consciously, Blindly, instinctively, he gave the child to the nurse and turned his attention to Susan Morgan who now lay collapsed, almost pulseless and not yet out of the ether, upon her side.

His haste was desperate, a frantic race against her ebbing strength.

Q1. "After all that he had promised!" What promise was made by Dr Andrew?

(A) To save Mrs. Morgan 

(B) To save Mr Morgan

(C) To save the new born

(D) All of these

Q.2. How did Andrew solve his dilemma?

(A) Blindly

(B) Consciously

(C) Instinctively

(D) both (B) & (C)

Q.3. Based on the above extract, classify the following as Fact (F) or Opinion (O). 

1. The child was dead.

2. Andrew should have tried to save the child first.

3. Andrew decided to save Susan first

4. Andrew quickly gave an injection to Susan.

(A) F-1,2; O-3,4 

(B) F-1,3,4; O-2

(C) F-1,3; O-2,4

(D) F-1,4; O-2,3

Q.4. Which of the following doesn't use 'a frantic race' correctly?

(A) A frantic race against COVID. 

(B) A frantic race against time to complete the curriculum.

(C) A frantic race against time to reach destination within time

(D) A frantic race to eat fruits to become stronger.

Q.5. Which word in the passage mean the same as 'revive someone from the unconsciousness'?

(A) Hesitated

(B) Frantic

(C) Resuscitate

(D) Ebbing

Answer key :-

1. (C)Explanation: To hand over a healthy child to the Morgans, as they had been childless for years.

2. (D)

3. (B)

4. (D)

5. (C)